Philosophy Essays - Ancient Greek Philosophers, Dialogues Of Plato

Philosophy Essays - Ancient Greek Philosophers, Dialogues Of Plato Philosophy When I was born, I did not know the difference between right and wrong. Now, I do. The word philosophy means the love of knowledge. One type of knowledge is propter quid, which ask the question why or how. In this paper, I will demonstrate how Socrates, Hume and Aristotle, three well known philosophers, would explain how I acquired this knowledge in relation to the principles of right and wrong. Socrates is the first philosopher, I will discuss. Since Socrates did not write anything down, Socrates thinking is told through his student, Plato, who wrote his teachers? thoughts. Socrates is an idealist who believes that things are in born. Therefor he believed that before we are born our soul knows everything, but when we are born our mind is a tabular rasa (blank slate). As we grow day by day, we recollect the knowledge from our soul. ? the soul, that is, the human mind, before it is united with the body, is aquatinted with the intelligible world or the world of Forms. In this prior existence, the true knowledge. After its union with a human body, a person?s mind contains its knowledge deep in its memory. True knowledge in this world consists of remembering, in reminiscence or recollection. What the mind or soul once knew is raised to present awareness by a process of recollection aided by the technique of dialect or the Socratic method. (Stumpf 260) This is known as the theory of recollection. The theory of recollection is told through Plato in the Phaedo and the Meno. In the theory of recollection "Socrates? answer to the paradox is that knowledge is recollection. This thesis allows a man to have ideas of which he later becomes conscious by recollection; thereby overcoming the sharp division between not-knowing and knowing, and justifying inquiry." (Sternfeld, 35) Socrates states in the Meno " A man cannot inquire about what he knows, because he knows it, and in that case he is in no need of inquiry, nor again can he inquire about what he does not know, since he does not know what he is to inquire." (Plato 80E) This theory of recollection may explain why we often say that we had certain knowledge before we leaned it or heard it for the first time. It is often said that we are born with concepts and it is these concepts that structure our minds, beliefs, and actions. "In his dialogue entitled the Meno, Plato illustrates how Socrates is able to show that even a young uneducated slave boy knows some truths of geometry not because somebody taught him that subject but because be naturally knows the relationship of various ideas to each other." (Stumpf 260) This quote illustrates how Socrates thought that the uneducated boy knew geometry. He recollected it from his soul. In the Meno, Socrates states that the boy is "recovering by oneself knowledge within oneself." (Plato 85D) Knowledge in the Meno is perceived as having an acquaintance with the object, but not knowing how it functions. Socrates states here that true knowledge is that is learned. Once learned, we remember that knowledge and apply it when needed. This can be done through recollection or memory. As an occasion arises that requires the use of this knowledge, we can use the abilities of our mind and recollect the knowledge for the circumstance. I interpret Socrates to mean that I was born with a knowledge of right and wrong, but I needed to experience situations where I needed to recall this knowledge. He makes reference to the initial knowledge being in the soul. Hume is the second philosopher I will discuss. Hume?s beliefs are different from Socrates. Hume believes that we were born knowing nothing, and everything is learned. He feels that as we grow, we learn the difference between right and wrong from our experiences. The present comes from the senses and the past is in our memory. Hume shows how knowledge begins form the experiences we encounter through our five senses. It is said of Hume "?it is the use he makes of the principle or the association of ideas, which enters into most of his philosophy. The principle of association

Explanation of Noun Clauses in English

Explanation of Noun Clauses in English Noun clauses are clauses that function as nouns. Remember that clauses can be either dependent or independent. Noun clauses, like nouns, can be used as either subjects or objects. Noun clauses are therefore dependent clauses and as subject or object cannot stand alone as a sentence. Nouns Are Subjects or Objects Baseball is an interesting sport. Noun: Baseball subjectTom would like to buy that book. Noun: Book object Noun Clauses Are Subjects or Objects I like what he said. Noun clause: ... what he said objectWhat he bought was awful: Noun clause: What he bought ... subject Noun Clauses Can Also Be an Object of a Preposition Im not looking for what he likes. Noun clause: ... what he likes object of preposition forWe decided to look into how much it costs. Noun clause: ... how much it costs objects of preposition into Noun Clauses as Complements Noun clauses can play the role of a subject complement. Subject complements provide a further description,\ or clarification of a subject. Harrys problem was that he couldnt make a decision.Noun clause: ... that he couldnt make a decision. subject complement of problem describing what the problem was The uncertainty is whether he will attend or not.Noun clause: ... whether he will attend or not. subject complement of uncertainty describing what is uncertain Noun clauses can play the role of an adjective complement. Adjective complements often provide a reason why someone or something is a certain way. In other words, adjective compliments provide additional clarification to an adjective. I was upset that she couldnt come.Noun clause: ... that she couldnt come adjective complement explaining why I was upset Jennifer seemed angry that he refused to help her.Noun clause: ... that he refused to help her. adjective complement explaining why Jennifer seemed angry Noun Clause Markers Markers are what introduce noun clauses. These markers include: that if, whether (for yes / no questions) Question words (how, what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why) Ever words beginning with wh(however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever, whomever) Examples: I didnt know that he was coming to the party. Could you tell me whether she can help us. The question is how to finish on time. Im sure I will enjoy whatever you cook for dinner. Noun Clauses Used with Common Phrases Noun clauses beginning with question words or if/whether are often used with common phrases such as: I dont know ... I cant remember ... Please tell me ... Do you know ... This use of noun clauses is also known as indirect questions. In indirect questions, we use a phrase to introduce a question with a short phrase and turn the question into a noun clause in statement order. When will he return? Noun clause / indirect question: I dont know when he will return. Where are we going? Noun clause / indirect question: I cant remember where we are going. What time is it? Noun clause / indirect question: Please tell me what time it is. When does the plan arrive? Noun clause / indirect question: Do you know when the plane arrives? Yes / No Questions Yes / no questions can be expressed as noun clauses using if/whether: Are you coming to the party? Noun clause / indirect question: I dont know if you are coming to the party. Is it expensive? Noun clause / indirect question: Please tell me whether it is expensive. Have they lived there long? Noun clause / indirect question: Im not sure if they have lived there long. Special Case of That The noun marker that which introduces noun clauses is the only marker that can be dropped. This is only true if that is used to introduce a noun clause in the middle or at the end of the sentence. Tim didnt know that she was available. OR Tim didnt know she was available.